Synovial-type giant cell tumors of the vertebral column: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases, with a review of the literature and discussion of the differential diagnosis.

Synovial and tenosynovial giant cell tumors only rarely arise in close proximity to the axial skeleton; to date, fewer than 30 examples have been reported in the English-language medical literature. In this report we describe the clinical, radiologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings in 15 cases retrieved from our files. The study group comprised 7 males and 8 females, ranging in age from 17 to 44 years (mean age, 32 years). The tumors involved the cervical (n = 11), thoracic (n = 1), lumbar (n = 2), and sacrococcygeal (n = 1) regions and ranged in size from 1.0 to 6.0 cm in greatest dimension (median size, 3 cm). Symptoms were present for 2 months to at least 2 years, with the most common complaint being pain localized to the spinal region (n = 12). Ten patients also had radicular symptoms. Radiologic studies, available for 11 cases, usually demonstrated a mass involving the posterior aspect of adjoining vertebrae. Bony abnormalities (including scalloping, erosion, and destruction), facet joint and soft tissue involvement, and extradural extension were typically present. Histologically, all tumors contained a proliferation of epithelioid (histiocytoid) cells, admixed with varying numbers of osteoclast-like giant cells, siderophages, xanthoma cells, lymphocytes, and some spindled fibroblast-like cells. Only 1 tumor had the classic villiform architecture of pigmented villonodular synovitis. The remaining 14 tumors had a nodular appearance with varying amounts of collagen. Seven of these had definite histological evidence of infiltrative growth, and 6 had some features that warranted concern for possible infiltration. Only 1 tumor had findings fully compatible with a localized synovial-type giant cell tumor/nodular (teno)synovitis. All tumors had mitotic activity, with mitotic counts ranging from 1 to 21 mitotic figures per 50 high-power fields (HPFs) (mean mitotic count, 5 mitotic figures/50 HPFs). Immunohistochemistry was performed on 5 tumors, and immunoreactivity was present for CD68, CD163, and vimentin. Limited immunoreactivity for muscle actin (HUC1-1) was also noted. Follow-up information was available for 9 of the 15 patients (60%). Five patients had no evidence of recurrent or persistent disease 4 months to 9 years after undergoing either a local excision with gross total tumor removal (with or without irradiation) or a wide en bloc resection. Four patients had persistent disease after undergoing either an incomplete resection or biopsy with spinal fusion procedure. All 4 of these patients had additional surgical intervention (accompanied by irradiation in 2 instances), but only one was known to be disease-free at last follow-up (10 years after gross total tumor removal). No patient has experienced a metastasis or died of disease. The best predictor of outcome was gross total tumor removal at the surgical outset.