Royo-Bordonada M A, Gorgojo L, Martín-Moreno J M, Garcés C, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Benavente M, Mangas A, de Oya M
Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Aug;57(8):930-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601627.
To compare the diet of Spanish children against the nutrient and food intake guidelines. To calculate an index of overall diet quality and check its validity against nutrient intake.
Cross-sectional study in four cities in Spain, where information on food and nutrient intake was obtained from schoolchildren through a food frequency questionnaire.
The sample included 1112 children (overall response rate of 85%) attending public and private schools and aged 6-7 y. Children were selected through random cluster sampling in schools, and stratified by sex and socioeconomic level.
Mean nutrient intake, number of food servings, and the percentage of children who meet recommended nutrient and food-serving intake levels. The overall dietary quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI).
Mean micronutrient intake exceeded 100% of the recommended dietary allowances, except for vitamin B6, which registered a mean intake of 77.1%. For almost all children, intake of saturated fat was above, and that of carbohydrate below, the recommended level, in contrast to the relatively high compliance with the recommendations for poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid, salt and fiber intake (69.7, 43.7, 40.7, and 30.1%, respectively). Consumption of food servings for each of the five American pyramid food groups came close to or exceeded USDA guidelines, with the exception of cereals, with 5.4 servings per day. The mean score obtained in the HEI was 64.6. Children who complied with all the food guide pyramid recommendations registered a higher dietary variety and a healthier nutritional profile.
Children aged 6-7 y show scant compliance with the macronutrient goals for healthy eating. Micronutrient intake is adequate in general, yet there are small groups of children with risk of deficient intake of vitamins B6 and D. While Spanish children's eating habits are reasonably in line with American food guide pyramid guidelines, consumptions of cereals and fruit should be improved.
将西班牙儿童的饮食与营养及食物摄入指南进行比较。计算总体饮食质量指数，并根据营养摄入量检验其有效性。
在西班牙四个城市开展的横断面研究，通过食物频率问卷从学童中获取食物和营养摄入信息。
样本包括1112名6至7岁的公立和私立学校儿童（总体应答率为85%）。通过学校随机整群抽样选取儿童，并按性别和社会经济水平分层。
平均营养摄入量、食物份数以及达到推荐营养和食物份数摄入水平的儿童百分比。使用健康饮食指数（HEI）评估总体饮食质量。
除维生素B6外，平均微量营养素摄入量超过推荐膳食摄入量的100%，维生素B6的平均摄入量为77.1%。几乎所有儿童的饱和脂肪摄入量高于推荐水平，碳水化合物摄入量低于推荐水平，相比之下，多不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、盐和纤维摄入量的推荐依从性相对较高（分别为69.7%、43.7%、40.7%和30.1%）。美国金字塔食物分类中五类食物的食用份数接近或超过美国农业部指南，但谷物除外，每天食用5.4份。HEI的平均得分是64.6。符合所有食物指南金字塔建议的儿童饮食种类更多，营养状况更健康。
6至7岁儿童对健康饮食的宏量营养素目标依从性较低。总体而言，微量营养素摄入充足，但仍有一小部分儿童存在维生素B6和D摄入不足的风险。虽然西班牙儿童的饮食习惯基本符合美国食物指南金字塔指南，但谷物和水果的消费量仍有待提高。
