Acute and maintenance ECT with flupenthixol in refractory schizophrenia: sustained improvements in psychopathology, quality of life, and social outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effects of ECT combined with antipsychotic medication therapy on psychopathology, quality of life, and social functioning in patients with refractory schizophrenia.

METHOD

An open acute (Phase I) and maintenance (Phase II) study of the combination of ECT and flupenthixol in the treatment of 46 schizophrenic patients who were nonresponsive to antipsychotic medication from at least two different classes. Scales used: the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Quality of Life Scale (QLS), Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). The duration of Phase II was 1 year.

RESULTS

In Phase I, there were marked reductions in the BPRS scores, and substantial increases in the QLS, SOFAS, GAF, and MMSE scores. During Phase II, the BPRS negative symptoms worsened but remained improved from baseline. Changes in other outcome measures were negligible.

CONCLUSION

ECT and MECT combined with flupenthixol were effective in improving psychopathology in patients refractory to antipsychotic medication alone. Ratings of psychopathology, quality of life, and social functioning all improved in Phase I and were generally sustained during Phase II in patients who had remitted.