Kisthardt W E, Gowdy E, Rapp C A
J Case Manag. 1992 Winter;1(4):117-23.
Goal planning is fundamental to the case management process. Manager and client identify specific long-term goals and then systematically break them down into the incremental behaviors needed to be accomplished to achieve each goal. The goal-setting process may fail as a result of four types of factors: (1) behavioral, (2) cognitive, (3) affective, and (4) environmental. To decrease the likelihood of failure, case managers must be knowledgeable about goal planning. They must help the client set goals that are expressed positively, that are client focused, realistic and achievable, measurable, and easily understood, with one observable outcome per goal. For both case manager and client, setting and attaining goals must be viewed as part of a continuing learning process, rather than a success-failure dichotomy.
目标规划是病例管理过程的基础。管理者和客户确定具体的长期目标，然后系统地将其分解为实现每个目标所需的渐进式行为。目标设定过程可能由于四种类型的因素而失败：（1）行为因素，（2）认知因素，（3）情感因素，以及（4）环境因素。为了降低失败的可能性，病例管理者必须了解目标规划。他们必须帮助客户设定积极表述、以客户为中心、现实且可实现、可衡量且易于理解的目标，每个目标有一个可观察的结果。对于病例管理者和客户而言，设定和实现目标都必须被视为持续学习过程的一部分，而不是成功与失败的二分法。
