Magkos Faidon, Yannakoulia Mary
Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Sep;6(5):539-49. doi: 10.1097/00075197-200309000-00007.
Evaluation of an athlete's diet is important in both clinical practice and research. The main purpose of this review is to provide health professionals with guidance regarding the special issues that are likely to be encountered when assessing the dietary intake of sportspersons.
A number of methods may be used for the dietary assessment of individuals and/or groups of athletes, including retrospective (diet recall, food-frequency questionnaire, and diet history) and prospective (diet record, duplicate portion) techniques. A 3-4-day estimated diet record is the most widely used approach, but collection of single or multiple diet recalls is also common. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that days of diet monitoring accurately reflect usual food consumption during the period of interest. Under-reporting of habitual energy intake is widespread among athletes, and its magnitude should be carefully addressed when interpreting the results of dietary assessment. Other issues, specifically related to sportspersons, that are often neglected include adequacy of standard portion sizes, frequency of snacking, fluid intake, supplement use, weight-control practices, and seasonality of sport activities and food consumption.
There are subtle methodological differences in the dietary assessment of athletes and non-athletes, which, when taken into consideration, may substantially increase the quality of intake data and optimise the outcome of dietary intervention.
评估运动员的饮食在临床实践和研究中都很重要。本综述的主要目的是为健康专业人员提供指导，使其了解在评估运动员饮食摄入时可能遇到的特殊问题。
可采用多种方法对个体和/或运动员群体进行饮食评估，包括回顾性方法（饮食回忆、食物频率问卷和饮食史）和前瞻性方法（饮食记录、双份食物）。3至4天的估计饮食记录是最常用的方法，但收集单次或多次饮食回忆也很常见。然而，必须注意确保饮食监测的天数能准确反映感兴趣期间的日常食物消费情况。运动员中习惯性能量摄入报告不足的情况很普遍，在解释饮食评估结果时应谨慎对待其程度。其他常被忽视的、与运动员具体相关的问题包括标准份量的充足性、吃零食的频率、液体摄入量、补充剂的使用、体重控制措施以及体育活动和食物消费的季节性。
运动员和非运动员的饮食评估在方法上存在细微差异，考虑到这些差异可能会大幅提高摄入数据的质量，并优化饮食干预的效果。
