Kyngäs Helvi
Department of Nursing and Health Administration, University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
J Clin Nurs. 2003 Sep;12(5):744-51. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00788.x.
The purpose of this study was to describe patient education from the perspective of adolescents. Data were collected by interviewing adolescents who had asthma, epilepsy, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The sample consisted of 40 Finnish adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years. The interview data were analysed with methods of content analysis. From the perspective of adolescents with a chronic disease, patient education can be divided into the following categories: routine programmes, problematic planning issues, atmosphere of patient education session and written patient education material. Some features of ideal patient education also emerged. In a routine programme, patient education was based on the professional knowledge of the physicians and nurses rather than the needs of the adolescents. It was provided at a time that was good for the nurses or physicians. The level of education was not compatible with each developmental level of the adolescent. Problematic planning issues included a poorly outlined plan of education and a lack of systematic and continuous education. Educational communication consisted of dialogue between the adolescent and the educator. An encouraging atmosphere developed when the educators motivated the adolescents, respected them and their opinions and encouraged them to express their feelings, to ask questions and to relate experiences. Also, it was important that the adolescents' opinions were respected. In ideal patient education, the sessions had been planned well beforehand based on the adolescents' needs and written patient education material. Ideal patient education helped adolescents to acquire skills to take care of themselves and provided information on how to adjust to different situations and problems. The results provided useful insight into patient education and served to raise awareness of the problems and difficulties experienced by adolescents with a chronic disease.
本研究的目的是从青少年的角度描述患者教育情况。通过对患有哮喘、癫痫、青少年类风湿性关节炎和胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的青少年进行访谈来收集数据。样本包括40名年龄在13至17岁之间的芬兰青少年。采用内容分析法对访谈数据进行分析。从患有慢性病的青少年的角度来看，患者教育可分为以下几类：常规项目、有问题的规划问题、患者教育课程的氛围以及患者教育书面材料。理想患者教育的一些特点也显现出来。在常规项目中，患者教育基于医生和护士的专业知识，而非青少年的需求。它是在对护士或医生有利的时间提供的。教育水平与青少年的每个发展阶段不匹配。有问题的规划问题包括教育计划概述不佳以及缺乏系统和持续的教育。教育交流包括青少年与教育者之间的对话。当教育者激励青少年、尊重他们及其意见，并鼓励他们表达感受、提问和分享经历时，就营造了一种鼓舞人心的氛围。同样，尊重青少年的意见也很重要。在理想的患者教育中，课程是根据青少年的需求预先精心规划的，并且有患者教育书面材料。理想的患者教育帮助青少年获得自我护理技能，并提供有关如何适应不同情况和问题的信息。研究结果为患者教育提供了有益的见解，并有助于提高对患有慢性病的青少年所经历问题和困难的认识。
