Berbee M L, Taylor J W
Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
Biosystems. 1992;28(1-3):117-25. doi: 10.1016/0303-2647(92)90014-p.
For the true fungi, phylogenetic relationships inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequence data agree with morphology when (1) the fungi exhibit diagnostic morphological characters, (2) the sequence-based phylogenetic groups are statistically supported, and (3) the ribosomal DNA evolves at roughly the same rate in the lineages being compared. 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data and biochemical data provide a congruent definition of true fungi. Sequence data support the traditional fungal subdivisions Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina. In conflict with morphology, some zygomycetes group with chytrid water molds rather than with other terrestrial fungi, possibly owing to unequal rates of nucleotide substitutions among zygomycete lineages. Within the ascomycetes, the taxonomic consequence of simple or reduced morphology has been a proliferation of mutually incongruent classification systems. Sequence data provide plausible resolution of relationships for some cases where reduced morphology has created confusion. For example, phylogenetic trees from rDNA indicate that those morphologically simple ascomycetes classified as yeasts are polyphyletic and that forcible spore discharge was lost convergently from three lineages of ascomycetes producing flask-like fruiting bodies.
对于真正的真菌而言，当满足以下条件时，从18S核糖体DNA序列数据推断出的系统发育关系与形态学相符：（1）真菌呈现出诊断性的形态特征；（2）基于序列的系统发育组得到统计学支持；（3）核糖体DNA在被比较的谱系中以大致相同的速率进化。18S核糖体RNA基因序列数据和生化数据为真正的真菌提供了一致的定义。序列数据支持传统的真菌亚门子囊菌亚门和担子菌亚门。与形态学相矛盾的是，一些接合菌与壶菌水霉归为一类，而不是与其他陆生真菌归为一类，这可能是由于接合菌谱系中核苷酸替换速率不同所致。在子囊菌中，形态简单或退化导致了相互不一致的分类系统大量涌现。序列数据为一些因形态退化而产生混淆的情况提供了合理的关系解析。例如，来自rDNA的系统发育树表明，那些形态上简单、被归类为酵母的子囊菌是多系的，并且产生烧瓶状子实体的三个子囊菌谱系中，弹射孢子现象是趋同丧失的。
