Macaque middle temporal neurons signal depth in the absence of motion.

The middle temporal (MT) visual area is widely accepted to play important roles in motion processing. It is unclear, however, whether MT contributes to visual perception during the viewing of static scenes, when there is little retinal image motion during the interval between saccades. Some previous studies suggest that MT neurons give little or no response to stationary stimuli that are flashed onto the receptive field, but no previous study has directly examined the fidelity with which MT neurons code visual information in moving versus stationary stimuli. In this study, we compare the ability of MT neurons to signal binocular disparity in moving versus stationary random-dot stereograms. Although responses to moving stimuli are typically stronger, many MT neurons give robust responses to stationary stereograms, and some MT neurons actually prefer stationary patterns to those moving at any tested speed. These responses to stationary stimuli are not caused by monitor refresh or microsaccades. Disparity tuning curves for moving and stationary stimuli are nearly identical in shape for most neurons. Although the disparity discriminability of MT neurons is generally higher for moving stereograms when responses are averaged over the entire 1.5 sec trial epoch, discriminability is comparable for moving and stationary stimuli during the first 200-300 msec of the response. Thus, in a normal time interval between saccades, MT neurons signal the binocular disparity of stationary stimuli with high fidelity. These findings show that MT can be a reliable source of visual information during the viewing of static scenes.