Caballero B
Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;57 Suppl 1:S76-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601803.
Efforts to combat nutrient deficiencies have centered on supplemental nutrient administration and addition of selected nutrients to the food chain in the form of food fortification. Over the past several decades, and as the association between diet and chronic diseases became apparent, supplementation and fortification were also targeted at healthy individuals, with the aim of reducing their risk of future diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. While supplementation strategies are playing a major role in reducing micronutrient deficiencies around the world, there is less compelling evidence for their role in reducing risk of chronic diseases in healthy individuals, perhaps with the exception of folic acid and reduction of neural tube defects. Nevertheless, with our increasing understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of human nutrient requirements, it is likely that certain groups or populations may clearly benefit from higher intakes of certain nutrients. In addition to supplementation or fortification with specific nutrients, the consumption of certain dietary patterns (such as the Mediterranean diet) is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases.
对抗营养缺乏的努力主要集中在补充营养剂以及通过食品强化的形式将特定营养素添加到食物链中。在过去几十年里，随着饮食与慢性病之间的关联变得明显，补充剂和强化食品也针对健康个体，目的是降低他们未来患心血管疾病、糖尿病和癌症等疾病的风险。虽然补充剂策略在全球减少微量营养素缺乏方面发挥着重要作用，但对于它们在降低健康个体患慢性病风险方面的作用，证据并不那么确凿，叶酸预防神经管缺陷可能是个例外。然而，随着我们对人类营养需求的基因异质性的了解不断增加，某些群体或人群很可能会明显受益于更高剂量的特定营养素摄入。除了补充特定营养素或进行食品强化外，食用某些饮食模式（如地中海饮食）与降低慢性病风险，尤其是心血管疾病风险相关。
