Dunn W
Department of Occupational Therapy Education, University of Kansas, 3033 Robinson, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7602, USA.
Am J Occup Ther. 2001 Nov-Dec;55(6):608-20. doi: 10.5014/ajot.55.6.608.
The experience of being human is embedded in sensory events of everyday life. This lecture reviews sensory processing literature, including neuroscience and social science perspectives. Introduced is Dunns Model of Sensory Processing, and the evidence supporting this model is summarized. Specifically, using Sensory Profile questionnaires (i.e., items describing responses to sensory events in daily life; persons mark the frequency of each behavior), persons birth to 90 years of age demonstrate four sensory processing patterns: sensory seeking, sensory avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and low registration. These patterns are based on a persons neurological thresholds and self-regulation strategies. Psychophysiology studies verify these sensory processing patterns; persons with strong preferences in each pattern also have unique patterns of habituation and responsivity in skin conductance. Studies also indicate that persons with disabilities respond differently than peers on these questionnaires, suggesting underlying poor sensory processing in certain disorders, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental delays, and schizophrenia. The author proposes relationships between sensory processing and temperament and personality traits. The four categories of temperament share some consistency with the four sensory processing patterns described in Dunn's model. As with temperament, each person has some level of responsiveness within each sensory processing preference (i.e., a certain amount of seeking, avoiding, etc., not one or the other). The author suggests that one's sensory processing preferences simultaneously reflect his or her nervous system needs and form the basis for the manifestation of temperament and personality. The final section of this lecture outlines parameters for developing best practice that supports interventions based on this knowledge.
作为人类的体验嵌入在日常生活的感官事件中。本次讲座回顾了感官加工文献，包括神经科学和社会科学视角。介绍了邓恩的感官加工模型，并总结了支持该模型的证据。具体而言，使用感官概况问卷（即描述对日常生活中感官事件反应的项目；人们标记每种行为的频率），90岁以下的人表现出四种感官加工模式：感官寻求、感官回避、感官敏感和低反应。这些模式基于一个人的神经阈值和自我调节策略。心理生理学研究证实了这些感官加工模式；在每种模式中有强烈偏好的人在皮肤电导率方面也有独特的习惯化和反应模式。研究还表明，残疾人士在这些问卷上的反应与同龄人不同，这表明在某些疾病中存在潜在的感官加工不良，包括自闭症、注意力缺陷多动障碍、发育迟缓以及精神分裂症。作者提出了感官加工与气质和人格特质之间的关系。气质的四个类别与邓恩模型中描述的四种感官加工模式有一些一致性。与气质一样，每个人在每种感官加工偏好中都有一定程度的反应（即一定量的寻求、回避等，而不是非此即彼）。作者认为，一个人的感官加工偏好同时反映了他或她的神经系统需求，并构成了气质和人格表现的基础。本次讲座的最后一部分概述了制定基于这些知识支持干预措施的最佳实践的参数。
