Entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremity.

Symptoms of entrapment neuropathies are often intermittent, making the diagnosis a challenge; pain, paresthesias, exertional fatigue, weakness, and atrophy may be present. An accurate, detailed history and physical examination, often after activity, is essential to make an accurate diagnosis. Laboratory, radiographic, and electromyographic studies may be helpful, but are often normal. This article reviews the etiology, evaluation, and treatment of the most common upper extremity entrapment neuropathies related to sports participation. Most conditions respond to conservative measures of rehabilitation exercises, relative rest, correction of training and equipment errors, anti-inflammatory medications, and protective padding or bracing; occasionally surgical intervention is necessary.