Culbertson Jan L, Newman Julie E, Willis Diane J
Department of Pediatrics, Section on Developmental Pediatrics, Child Study Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA.
Pediatr Clin North Am. 2003 Aug;50(4):741-64, vii. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(03)00080-4.
Child and adolescent psychologic development is a complex process that is governed by the interactions of multiple biologic, genetic, sociocultural, and environmental variables. Viewed from an ecological context, the individual influences, and is influenced by, a multilayered set of systems, including the family, school, neighborhood, and peer group, as well as the more indirect effects of the workplace, health care and social services systems, and the larger cultural belief and value systems of the society in which the individual lives. This article reviews the major developmental themes and transitions through which children and adolescents must move on the path to adulthood. Primary developmental tasks are reviewed within each age period from birth to adulthood, along with a discussion of several risk factors that present challenges to normal development at the individual, family, community, and societal levels. The important roles of pediatricians and other health care professionals in helping children and families negotiate these developmental challenges is also reviewed.
儿童和青少年的心理发展是一个复杂的过程，受多种生物学、遗传学、社会文化和环境变量的相互作用所支配。从生态环境的角度来看，个体既影响一系列多层次的系统，同时也受到这些系统的影响，这些系统包括家庭、学校、邻里和同龄人群体，以及工作场所、医疗保健和社会服务系统的更间接影响，还有个体所生活的社会中更大的文化信仰和价值系统的影响。本文回顾了儿童和青少年在通往成年的道路上必须经历的主要发展主题和转变。从出生到成年的每个年龄段都对主要发展任务进行了回顾，并讨论了在个体、家庭、社区和社会层面给正常发展带来挑战的若干风险因素。还回顾了儿科医生和其他医疗保健专业人员在帮助儿童和家庭应对这些发展挑战方面的重要作用。
