Rudan Vlasta, Tripković Mara, Vidas Mercedes
Department for Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Coll Antropol. 2003 Jun;27(1):403-11.
In this paper Freud's work on animism and magic is elaborated. Those two subjects are presented mainly in his work "Totem and Taboo" (1913). The true motives, which lead primitive man to practice magic are, according to Freud, human whishes and his immense belief in their power. Importance attached to wishes and to the will has been extended from them to all those psychical acts, which are subjected to will. A general overvaluation has thus come about of all mental processes. Things become less important than ideas of things. Relations, which hold between the ideas of things, are equally hold between the things. The principle of governing magic or the technique of animistic way of thinking is one of the 'omnipotence of thoughts'. The overvaluation of psychic acts could be brought into relation with narcissism and megalomania, a belief in the thaumaturgic force of words and a technique for dealing with the external world--'magic'--which appears to be a logical application of these grandiose premises. Recent psychoanalytic authors dealing with the problem of magic emphasize that magic survived culturally to the present days and even in adults who are otherwise intellectually and scientifically 'modern'. Their explanations for that derive from Ferenczi's and especially Róheim's work that pointed out that magic facilitates adaptive and realistically effective endeavors. Balter pointed out that magic employs ego functioning, and conversely ego functioning includes magic.
本文阐述了弗洛伊德关于泛灵论和魔法的著作。这两个主题主要出现在他1913年的著作《图腾与禁忌》中。根据弗洛伊德的观点，促使原始人施行魔法的真正动机是人类的愿望以及他们对愿望力量的巨大信念。对愿望和意志的重视已从它们扩展到所有受意志支配的心理行为。因此，所有心理过程都被普遍高估了。事物变得不如事物的观念重要。事物观念之间的关系同样适用于事物之间。支配魔法或泛灵论思维方式的原则是“思想万能”之一。对心理行为的高估可能与自恋和夸大狂、对词语魔力的信仰以及一种与外部世界打交道的技巧——“魔法”——有关，而这种魔法似乎是这些宏大前提的逻辑应用。近期探讨魔法问题的精神分析作者强调，魔法在文化上一直延续到当今，甚至存在于那些在其他方面具有现代知识和科学素养的成年人当中。他们对此的解释源自费伦齐，尤其是罗海姆的著作，这些著作指出魔法有助于适应性和现实有效的努力。巴尔特指出，魔法运用自我功能，反之，自我功能也包含魔法。
