Kushnir T, Kasan R
Occupational Health & Rehabilitation Institute at Loewenstein Hospital, Raanana, Israel.
Public Health Rev. 1992;20(3-4):215-29.
The study of stress in general and occupational stress in particular has, until recently, usually included male samples, with findings erroneously extrapolated for women. This review outlines common occupational and domestic stressors, many of which are unique to women, especially to mothers in paid employment. Stress is viewed as resulting from the combination of high role demands and low coping resources (material, psychological, interpersonal, and organizational). Women in paid employment worldwide are still expected to assume primary responsibility for home and family and are subject to a double burden of work, especially when the children are young. Women are also subject to considerable conflict between marital/parental and occupational demands. They occupy different jobs than men, usually hierarchically inferior and entailing fewer benefits and opportunities for growth. In this conceptual framework, three groups of women in paid employment have been empirically identified as being at relatively high risk for stress as conceptualized above: clerical workers, managers, and single (mainly divorced) parents. Further research is needed to explore occupational stress in blue-collar working women, and to elucidate the role and variety of coping resources.
总体而言，对压力的研究，尤其是职业压力的研究，直到最近通常都只纳入男性样本，其研究结果被错误地推广到女性身上。本综述概述了常见的职业压力源和家庭压力源，其中许多是女性特有的，尤其是有带薪工作的母亲。压力被视为高角色要求和低应对资源（物质、心理、人际和组织方面）共同作用的结果。全世界有带薪工作的女性仍被期望承担家庭和家务的主要责任，并承受双重工作负担，尤其是在孩子年幼时。女性在婚姻/育儿和职业要求之间也面临相当大的冲突。她们从事的工作与男性不同，通常在层级上较低，福利和成长机会也较少。在这个概念框架中，根据经验确定，从事带薪工作的三类女性，即文职人员、管理人员和单身（主要是离异）父母，按照上述概念化的方式，面临相对较高的压力风险。需要进一步研究来探讨蓝领职业女性的职业压力，并阐明应对资源的作用和种类。
