Human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and cervical cancer: newly recognized associations?

There are now sufficient data to conclude that women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and preinvasive stages of cervical cancer. This association is not completely due to immunosuppression. It is likely that HPV pathogenesis is altered in HIV-infected women. Preinvasive cervical neoplasia likely occurs more frequently in HIV-infected women because of several factors, including immunosuppression, viral interactions, and alterations in viral pathogenesis. As new treatments prolong the life of HIV-infected individuals, we must continue to be aware of and reactive to an increasing number of opportunistic complications of HIV infection, such as HPV infection and associated diseases.