Toczołowski J
II Klinika Okulistyki, Akademia Medyczna w Lublinie.
Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 1992;47:39-43.
Low temperatures in ophthalmology were first applied in the end of the previous century. However, those experiments were not sufficiently documented and were not widely used. So the report concerning the Krwawicz (6) method of the cataract cryoextraction published in 1960 is commonly treated as the beginning of the modern cryoophthalmology. This extremely effective and simple method very quickly met with approbation and became commonly applied. After the surgical exposure of the opacificated lens the copper cryoextractor frozen to about -72 degrees C was applied to it. The deep lens freezing to the apparatus occurred enclosing the subcapsular masses. Then the fibres of Zinn ligament were broken and the cataract was gently removed. Due to its safety and the lack of complications the above technique led the real revolution in the cataract surgery. Its was compared to the epochal contribution of Daviel who was the first to remove the lens in 1774. Its importance however, was not just limited to the improvement of the surgical technique. Thanks to the cryoextraction the possibilities of the low temperature application in medicine were noticed. In a short period of time low temperatures began to be used in some other specialties: laryngology, neurosurgery, oncology, etc. It was found out that great number of the eye diseases could be treated in that way, including viral keratitis, haemorrhages to the vitreous, glaucoma, etc. The gradually gained experience gave rise to the new branch of ophthalmology called cryoophthalmology.
眼科中的低温技术最早应用于上世纪末。然而，那些实验记录并不充分，也未得到广泛应用。因此，1960年发表的关于克瓦维茨（6）白内障冷冻摘除术的报告通常被视为现代冷冻眼科的开端。这种极其有效且简单的方法很快得到认可并被广泛应用。在手术暴露浑浊晶状体后，将冷冻至约-72摄氏度的铜制冷冻摘除器应用于其上。晶状体与器械紧密冻结，包裹住囊下肿物。然后切断悬韧带纤维，轻轻摘除白内障。由于其安全性和无并发症，上述技术引发了白内障手术的真正变革。它被比作1774年首次摘除晶状体的达维耶的划时代贡献。然而，其重要性不仅限于手术技术的改进。多亏了冷冻摘除术，人们注意到了低温在医学中的应用可能性。在短时间内，低温开始应用于其他一些专科领域：喉科学、神经外科学、肿瘤学等。人们发现，许多眼部疾病都可以通过这种方式治疗，包括病毒性角膜炎、玻璃体出血、青光眼等。逐渐积累的经验催生了眼科的一个新分支——冷冻眼科。
