Neurosurgical treatment of spasticity and other pediatric movement disorders.

For children whose spasticity and movement disorders are inadequately treated by oral medications and botulinum toxins, neurosurgical procedures are now available to effectively treat spasticity, tremor, and many cases of dystonia. Spastic diplegia can be treated with selective lumbar rhizotomies, which significantly decrease spasticity, increase range of motion, and improve Gross Motor Function Measure scores. Children with spastic quadriparesis and those with secondary dystonia can be treated with intrathecal baclofen, which diminishes both spasticity and dystonia and is associated with improved function and quality of life. Children with primary dystonia and those with tremor can be treated with deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus and thalamus, respectively. Some children with chorea respond to deep brain stimulation. There are no effective neurosurgical treatments for athetosis or ataxia. The effectiveness of neurosurgical treatments of pediatric movement disorders has increased significantly in the past 15 years.