Gene amplification in the murine SEWA system.

Considerable work with DNA amplification has been carried out in the murine SEWA ascites tumor cell system. In SEWA cells there is 'spontaneous' amplification of the c-myc oncogene, and transitions between different cytogenetic expressions of gene amplification such as DM (double minutes), CM (C-bandless chromosomes) and HSR (homogeneously staining regions) of the amplified DNA have been recorded during serial in vivo transplantations. In SEWA cells it has also been shown that the c-myc-containing DM will he lost under in vitro conditions, but are rapidly recovered if the cells are reinjected into animals. Additional gene amplification has been superimposed on the c-myc amplification in SEWA cells by stepwise selection in vitro, leading to resistance to different drugs, such as methotrexate, actinomycin D, colcemid and vincristine. Cytogenetically, DNA amplification is multifaceted and, in addition to the structures mentioned, it may also take the form of CB (chromatin bodies), which have been shown to be the carriers of resistance genes in hybrids between multidrug-resistant SEWA cells and Chinese hamster CHO cells. In most instances, DM are noncentromeric and distributed by a 'hitch-hiking' mechanism at mitosis; in one colcemid-resistant SEWA line, however, we have shown that the DM carry active centromeres. The molecular mechanism behind DNA amplification appears to be complex. We have shown that in four independently derived multidrug-resistant SEWA sublines the amplicons resided on circular molecules which were about 2500 kb long and carried at least five genes, including the three mouse mdr genes. Within the circles the DNA was unrearranged compared to the organization of the DNA in sensitive cells.