Bloothooft G, Bringmann E, van Cappellen M, van Luipen J B, Thomassen K P
Research Institute for Language and Speech, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
J Acoust Soc Am. 1992 Oct;92(4 Pt 1):1827-36. doi: 10.1121/1.403839.
Overtone singing, a technique of Asian origin, is a special type of voice production resulting in a very pronounced, high and separate tone that can be heard over a more or less constant drone. An acoustic analysis is presented of the phenomenon and the results are described in terms of the classical theory of speech production. The overtone sound may be interpreted as the result of an interaction of closely spaced formants. For the lower overtones, these may be the first and second formant, separated from the lower harmonics by a nasal pole-zero pair, as the result of a nasalized articulation shifting from /c/ to /a/, or, as an alternative, the second formant alone, separated from the first formant by the nasal pole-zero pair, again as the result of a nasalized articulation around /c/. For overtones with a frequency higher than 800 Hz, the overtone sound can be explained as a combination of the second and third formant as the result of a careful, retroflex, and rounded articulation from /c/, via schwa /e/ to /y/ and /i/ for the highest overtones. The results indicate a firm and relatively long closure of the glottis during overtone phonation. The corresponding short open duration of the glottis introduces a glottal formant that may enhance the amplitude of the intended overtone. Perception experiments showed that listeners categorized the overtone sounds differently from normally sung vowels, which possibly has its basis in an independent perception of the small bandwidth of the resonance underlying the overtone. Their verbal judgments were in agreement with the presented phonetic-acoustic explanation.
泛音唱法是一种起源于亚洲的技巧，是一种特殊的发声方式，能产生非常清晰、高亢且独立的音调，在或多或少持续的嗡嗡声之上都能听到。本文对这一现象进行了声学分析，并依据经典语音产生理论描述了结果。泛音可被解释为紧密相邻的共振峰相互作用的结果。对于较低的泛音，这些可能是第一和第二共振峰，由于从 /c/ 到 /a/ 的鼻音化发音，通过一对鼻极零点与较低的谐波分离，或者，作为另一种情况，仅第二共振峰，同样由于围绕 /c/ 的鼻音化发音，通过鼻极零点与第一共振峰分离。对于频率高于800Hz的泛音，泛音可解释为第二和第三共振峰的组合，这是由于从 /c/ 开始，经过央元音 /e/，到最高泛音时的卷舌、圆润发音到 /y/ 和 /i/ 的结果。结果表明，在泛音发声过程中声门有稳固且相对较长时间的闭合。声门相应较短的开放持续时间引入了一个声门共振峰，它可能会增强预期泛音的幅度。感知实验表明，听众对泛音的分类与正常演唱的元音不同，这可能基于对泛音背后共振小带宽的独立感知。他们的言语判断与所呈现的语音 - 声学解释一致。
