Feeding to optimize canine reproductive efficiency.

The relationship between nutrition and reproduction is a topic of importance to veterinarians and breeders. Nutrient deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances all are capable of altering reproductive performance. Healthy adult dogs should be fed a diet high in digestibility, low in residue, and high in nutrient bioavailability. Rarely is nutritional intervention necessary during the first half of gestation. During the last half of gestation, switching to a growth/lactation diet and increasing intake by 1.2 to 1.4 x maintenance is indicated. Depending on breed and pup numbers, at peak lactation, feed intake may need to be increased by 2 to 4 x maintenance. The feeding goals of lactation are to minimize loss of bitch body condition score and optimize milk production and pup growth. After weaning, the female who is in poor body condition should remain on a diet rich in protein, fat, and trace nutrients until she is physically/nutritionally repleted.