Flow cytometric detection of transforming growth factor-beta expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes (RAC) in culture--association with S-phase traverse.

We have previously shown that TGF-beta 1 decreased the entry of G0/G1-synchronized rabbit articular chondrocytes (RAC) into S-phase, whereas it enhanced the proliferation rate of actively dividing cells (asynchronous or S-phase-synchronized cells). The growth proliferative effect was accompanied by both increased DNA replication rate and G2/M delay. Since TGF-beta mRNA has been detected in chondrocytes, it was of interest to study the expression of the factor in correlation with the cell cycle of RAC. Using cytofluorometric analysis of both DNA content and TGF-beta protein level, we demonstrated that S-phase-synchronized RAC constitutively expressed TGF-beta, whereas G0/G1-synchronized cells only display very low levels of the factor. The data showed that the expression of TGF-beta is correlated with S-phase traverse since it increases with the percentage of cells in S-phase (less than 27% in G0/G1 to 70% in S-phase-synchronized cells). Moreover, exposure of RAC to TGF-beta 1 (1 ng/ml) for 24 h increased the percentage of positive cells, independently of the number of cells in S-phase, indicating that the factor may up-regulate its own expression. All together, these data suggest that TGF-beta could play a role in initiating the proliferation of articular chondrocytes during the early events of osteoarthritis and might take a part in the repair of cartilage matrix.