Determination of trace element speciation and the role of speciation in aquatic toxicity.

Knowledge of trace element speciation in waters is essential to an understanding of aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation, as well as to the partitioning of elements between water and colloidal and particulate phases. In natural waters, only very small percentages of the dissolved heavy metals, such as copper, lead cadmium or zinc, are present as free (aquo) metal ion; most of the metal is adsorbed to colloidal particles or combined in complexes. For aquatic toxicity studies, the aim of the speciation measurement is to determine the fraction of total dissolved metal (the 'toxic fraction') that will react with, and be transported across, a biological membrane such as a fish gill. In this review, a range of trace element speciation techniques is discussed and compared. A simple anodic stripping voltammetric method is recommended for the measurement of the fraction of electroactive metal in a sample, i.e. the fraction of total dissolved metal that can be deposited into a mercury electrode at the natural pH of the sample. The electroactive fraction is believed to approximate the toxic fraction. A rapid ion exchange method, suitable for field use, is proposed for the determination of the toxic fraction of copper in waters.