Price Jill, Catriona Seago, Welsh Elizabeth M, Waran Natalie K
Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
Vet Anaesth Analg. 2003 Jul;30(3):124-37. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00139.x.
To develop a method for objective assessment of equine post-operative pain.
Prospective nonblinded clinical study.
Twelve adult horses: Group 1 (G1, n = 6), admitted for arthroscopy (under general anaesthesia, with multimodal analgesia); Group 2 (G2, n = 6), 'pain free' controls.
Horses were filmed continuously (CVI, time-lapse video recorder) over 72 hours, from 24 hours pre-surgery (PS) to 48 hours post-recovery (PR) (G1), and over 24 hours (G2). Activity budgets were determined from 24 to 0 hours PS, 0-24 and 24-48 hours PR (G1) and for 24 hours (G2). Using direct observation (DO), active behaviours and postures were recorded at set time points PS and PR (G1) and at two time points (morning/evening) (G2). Heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) were recorded simultaneously. Statistical analysis investigated within-group and between-group time-related changes in behaviour, HR and RR.
There was no difference in HR or RR between G1 and G2 at any time point. Anaesthetic 'hangover' and hunger-related activity modulated behaviour from 0 to 6 hours PR, when abnormal postures and locomotion occurred in all G1 horses, but no G2 horses. Compared with G1 (0-24 hours PR), G2 spent more time eating (t = -3.34, p < 0.01), more time at the front of the stable (t = -2.42, p < 0.05), and less time exhibiting 'abnormal' behaviour (U = 56, p < 0.01). Comparing PS and PR behaviour, G1 spent less time exploring from 24 to 48 hours PR (t = 3.49, p < 0.05), less time in sternal recumbency (t = -3.8, p < 0.05) and less time moving (t = 3.19, p < 0.05). Horses tended (p < 0.07) to spend less time positioned in the front of the stable PR (less from 24 to 48 hours PR than from 0 to 24 hours PR). Comparing PR (evening) behaviour, G2 spent more time with head above withers (U = 21.5, p < 0.01), and ears forwards (U = 22, p < 0.01). G1 showed time-related changes (all p < 0.05) in time with lower lip tense (S = 15.8), eating (S = 17.08) and with head positioned above withers (S = 18.04). No differences in event behaviours were observed between G1 and G2. Within G1, only olfactory behaviour varied significantly with time (S = 14.52, p < 0.05).
Changes in equine behaviour suggestive of post-operative discomfort were identified using both DO and CVI. Analysis of activity budgets may be a more sensitive method of identifying behavioural changes indicative of equine discomfort than repeated DO of specific events and postures.
开发一种客观评估马术后疼痛的方法。
前瞻性非盲临床研究。
12匹成年马：第1组（G1，n = 6），因关节镜检查入院（全身麻醉，采用多模式镇痛）；第2组（G2，n = 6），“无痛”对照组。
从手术前24小时（PS）至恢复后48小时（PR）对马进行72小时连续拍摄（CVI，延时录像机）（G1组），G2组拍摄24小时。在PS前24至0小时、PR的0 - 24小时和24 - 48小时（G1组）以及24小时（G2组）确定活动预算。通过直接观察（DO），在PS和PR的设定时间点（G1组）以及两个时间点（早上/晚上）（G2组）记录主动行为和姿势。同时记录心率（HR）和呼吸频率（RR）。统计分析研究组内和组间行为、HR和RR随时间的变化。
在任何时间点，G1组和G2组的HR或RR均无差异。麻醉“宿醉”和饥饿相关活动在PR后0至6小时调节行为，此时所有G1组马出现异常姿势和运动，但G2组马未出现。与G1组（PR后0 - 24小时）相比，G2组花费更多时间进食（t = -3.34，p < 0.01），在马厩前部停留更多时间（t = -2.42，p < 0.05），表现出“异常”行为的时间更少（U = 56，p < 0.01）。比较PS和PR时的行为，G1组在PR后24至48小时探索时间减少（t = 3.49，p < 于0.05），仰卧时间减少（t = -3.8，p < 0.05），移动时间减少（t = 3.19，p < 0.05）。马在PR时（从PR后24至48小时比0至PR后24小时）倾向于（p < 0.07）在马厩前部停留时间减少。比较PR（晚上）时的行为，G2组头部高于肩胛的时间更多（U = 21.5，p < 0.01），耳朵向前的时间更多（U = 22，p < 0.01）。G1组在嘴唇紧张（S = 15.8）、进食（S = 17.08）和头部高于肩胛（S = 18.04）时显示出随时间的变化（所有p < 0.05）。在G1组和G2组之间未观察到事件行为的差异。在G1组内，只有嗅觉行为随时间有显著变化（S = 14.52，p < 0.05）。
使用DO和CVI均可识别出马术后不适的行为变化。与对特定事件和姿势进行重复DO相比，分析活动预算可能是一种更敏感的方法，用于识别表明马不适的行为变化。
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