Koltunow Anna M, Grossniklaus Ueli
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, P.O. Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2003;54:547-74. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.110901.160842.
The term apomixis encompasses a suite of processes whereby seeds form asexually in plants. In contrast to sexual reproduction, seedlings arising from apomixis retain the genotype of the maternal parent. The transfer of apomixis and its effective utilization in crop plants (where it is largely absent) has major advantages in agriculture. The hallmark components of apomixis include female gamete formation without meiosis (apomeiosis), fertilization-independent embryo development (parthenogenesis), and developmental adaptations to ensure functional endosperm formation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying apomixis, a developmentally fascinating phenomenon in plants, is critical for the successful induction and utilization of apomixis in crop plants. This review draws together knowledge gained from analyzing ovule, embryo, and endosperm development in sexual and apomictic plants. It consolidates the view that apomixis and sexuality are closely interrelated developmental pathways where apomixis can be viewed as a deregulation of the sexual process in both time and space.
无融合生殖这一术语涵盖了植物中种子通过无性方式形成的一系列过程。与有性生殖相反，由无融合生殖产生的幼苗保留了母本的基因型。将无融合生殖转移并有效应用于主要缺乏该特性的农作物中，在农业上具有重大优势。无融合生殖的标志性组成部分包括不经过减数分裂形成雌配子（无减数分裂）、不依赖受精的胚胎发育（孤雌生殖）以及确保功能性胚乳形成的发育适应性。了解无融合生殖背后的分子机制，这是植物中一个极具发育学魅力的现象，对于在农作物中成功诱导和利用无融合生殖至关重要。本综述汇集了通过分析有性和无融合生殖植物的胚珠、胚胎和胚乳发育所获得的知识。它强化了这样一种观点，即无融合生殖和有性生殖是紧密相关的发育途径，其中无融合生殖可被视为在时间和空间上对有性过程的一种失调。
