Hayman David I, MacKenzie Kenna E, Reekie Edward G
Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.
J Econ Entomol. 2003 Aug;96(4):1245-53. doi: 10.1093/jee/96.4.1245.
The efficacy of pruning methods for managing blueberry stem galls caused by the chalcid wasp, Hemadas nubilipennis (Ashmead), was studied in five commercial lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada, between October 1999 and May 2000. Blueberry fields were mowed in the fall, and burning treatments were subsequently applied either in the fall or the spring. Three treatments were compared: mowing only, mowing plus fall burning, and mowing plus spring burning. Galls collected from the mow plus spring-burn treatment had the least wasp emergence of the three treatments, while the total number of galls was not affected by treatment. Wasp mortality, not gall destruction, is why wasp emergence is reduced in burn treatments. More galls were located and, for the burn treatments, higher wasp emergence was seen from galls found within the leaf litter than those above it. Five co-inhabitants emerged from blueberry stem galls in this study. Three, Eurytoma solenozopheriae (Ashmead), Sycophila vacciniicola (Balduf), and Orymus vacciniicola (Ashmead) are commonly found associates. The other two, Eupelmus vesicularis (Ritzius) and Pteromalus spp., are new records for Nova Scotia. O. vacciniicola is likely an inquiline because it is the largest wasp emerging from galls, and there was a positive relationship between its emergence and that of H. nubilipennis. Larger gall size improved H. nubilipennis emergence from mow and spring-burn galls. After a field has been mowed in the fall, we recommend a spring burn to reduce gall populations and the threat of product contamination.
1999年10月至2000年5月期间，在加拿大新斯科舍省的五个商业化矮丛蓝莓（Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton）种植园中，研究了修剪方法对管理由黄蜂Hemadas nubilipennis（Ashmead）引起的蓝莓茎瘿蚊的效果。秋季对蓝莓种植园进行割草，随后在秋季或春季进行焚烧处理。比较了三种处理方法：仅割草、割草加秋季焚烧、割草加春季焚烧。在割草加春季焚烧处理中收集的瘿蚊，在这三种处理方法中黄蜂羽化数量最少，而瘿蚊总数不受处理方法影响。焚烧处理中黄蜂羽化数量减少的原因是黄蜂死亡率，而非瘿蚊被破坏。发现了更多的瘿蚊，对于焚烧处理，在落叶层内发现的瘿蚊比其上方的瘿蚊有更高的黄蜂羽化率。本研究中从蓝莓茎瘿蚊中羽化出了五种共生昆虫。其中三种，即Eurytoma solenozopheriae（Ashmead）、Sycophila vacciniicola（Balduf）和Orymus vacciniicola（Ashmead）是常见的共生昆虫。另外两种，即Eupelmus vesicularis（Ritzius）和Pteromalus spp.，是新斯科舍省的新记录。O. vacciniicola可能是一种寄居昆虫，因为它是从瘿蚊中羽化出的最大的黄蜂，并且其羽化与H. nubilipennis的羽化之间存在正相关关系。较大的瘿蚊尺寸提高了H. nubilipennis从割草和春季焚烧处理的瘿蚊中的羽化率。秋季对种植园进行割草后，我们建议进行春季焚烧以减少瘿蚊数量和产品污染威胁。
