Reilly S M, Lauder G V
School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92717.
Brain Behav Evol. 1992;40(4):182-96. doi: 10.1159/000113911.
The kinematics of aquatic prey capture were studied in species representing six salamander families (Ambystomatidae, Amphiumidae, Cryptobranchidae, Dicamptodontidae, Proteidae, and Sirenidae) to test the hypothesis that the process of aquatic prey capture is similar in these families. Seven variables were digitized from high-speed video records of prey capture, and a nested analysis of variance was performed to test for both significant individual within taxon and among taxa effects. The time-to-peak head angle and gape variables showed no taxon effect, while the other five variables exhibited highly significant differences among taxa. Cryptobranchus and Siren showed the most divergent kinematic pattern from the other taxa in a multivariate analysis of all variables, while Ambystoma, Dicamptodon, and Amphiuma tended to have similar overall patterns of head movement. These results show that kinematic patterns during aquatic feeding are not conserved across salamander taxa, and that phylogenetic differentiation in head morphology has been accompanied by novelties in feeding function. The feeding mechanisms of Cryptobranchus and Amphiuma have a bidirectional hydrodynamic design with kinematic correlates that are similar to kinematic characteristics of aquatic feeding in turtles and transformed ambystomatid salamanders. A general framework is presented as an aid to understanding the interrelationships among muscle activity patterns, morphology, and behavior (kinematic patterns). By considering the distribution of taxa in three multivariate spaces, corresponding to three of the levels at which one might analyze a behavior (kinematics, morphology, and motor pattern), it is possible to identify patterns of correspondence among the levels, which aid in understanding the evolution of behavior.
研究了代表六个蝾螈科（钝口螈科、鳗螈科、隐鳃鲵科、盘舌螈科、洞螈科和泥螈科）的物种的水生猎物捕获运动学，以检验这些科的水生猎物捕获过程相似这一假设。从猎物捕获的高速视频记录中数字化了七个变量，并进行了嵌套方差分析，以检验分类单元内个体和分类单元间的显著影响。头部角度峰值时间和张口变量没有分类单元效应，而其他五个变量在分类单元间表现出高度显著的差异。在对所有变量的多变量分析中，隐鳃鲵属和泥螈属表现出与其他分类单元最不同的运动模式，而钝口螈属、盘舌螈属和鳗螈属的头部运动总体模式往往相似。这些结果表明，水生摄食过程中的运动模式在蝾螈分类单元中并不保守，头部形态的系统发育分化伴随着摄食功能的新奇性。隐鳃鲵属和鳗螈属的摄食机制具有双向流体动力学设计，其运动相关性类似于海龟和变形钝口螈科蝾螈的水生摄食运动特征。提出了一个通用框架，以帮助理解肌肉活动模式、形态和行为（运动模式）之间的相互关系。通过考虑分类单元在三个多变量空间中的分布，对应于分析行为的三个层次（运动学、形态学和运动模式），可以识别层次之间的对应模式，这有助于理解行为的进化。
