Wagemans J
Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
Can J Psychol. 1992 Jun;46(2):236-79. doi: 10.1037/h0084323.
Under the assumption of a general viewpoint, particular image properties, such as cotermination, straightness, and parallelism, can be used to infer, more or less reliably, the corresponding characteristics in the world. In this paper, the literature about these nonaccidental properties (NAPs) is reviewed to trace its historical roots, to list the properties that function as NAPs, and to discuss the psychological evidence for their detection and use. Against this background, four experiments are reviewed and four are fully described that were designed to test the perceptual use of skewed symmetry (SS), which results from orthographic projection of planar bilateral or mirror symmetry (BS). Despite the large symmetry advantage obtained in all experiments, SS is only perceived as BS-in-depth in cases of closed polygons or dot patterns with higher-order types of symmetry. In all random dot patterns and in some symmetric patterns with low "Gestalt", subjects relied on more local groupings which are qualitatively affine invariant, such as clusters based on proximity or curvilinearity. Based on previous approaches in the literature and these new findings, I suggest some distinctions between different ways of using NAPs, which might foster further research.
在一般观点的假设下，特定的图像属性，如共端点、直线度和平行度，可以或多或少可靠地用于推断现实世界中的相应特征。本文回顾了关于这些非偶然属性（NAPs）的文献，以追溯其历史根源，列出作为NAPs起作用的属性，并讨论其检测和使用的心理学证据。在此背景下，回顾了四个实验，并完整描述了另外四个实验，这些实验旨在测试倾斜对称（SS）的感知用途，倾斜对称是由平面双边或镜像对称（BS）的正交投影产生的。尽管在所有实验中都获得了较大的对称优势，但只有在封闭多边形或具有高阶对称类型的点图案的情况下，SS才被感知为深度上的BS。在所有随机点图案和一些具有低“格式塔”的对称图案中，受试者依赖于更多定性仿射不变的局部分组，例如基于接近度或曲线性的聚类。基于文献中先前的方法和这些新发现，我提出了在使用NAPs的不同方式之间的一些区别，这可能会促进进一步的研究。
