Scagliusi Fernanda B, Polacow Viviane O, Artioli Guilherme G, Benatti Fabiana B, Lancha Antonio H
Department of Biodynamics, in the School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Oct;103(10):1306-13. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(03)01074-5.
The aim of this study was to quantify underreporting of energy intake in Brazilian women; identify underreporting determinants; find out if underreporting was selective and; test if a motivational multimethod training, in combination with providing the subjects some results from the prior recording period, was able to reduce underreporting.
Energy intake (EI) was assessed by a 7-day diet record. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated by heart rate monitoring. EI:EE ratio lower than one in subjects who did not lose weight in one month was considered underreporting. Underreporting was correlated with anthropometric, behavioral, and psychological parameters. Food and nutrient consumption was compared between underreporters and non-underreporters. A focus group investigated the main causes of underreporting. Subjects were told that the earlier food records' results were unrealistic and submitted to a motivational training. Then, they were reevaluated for underreporting.
Subjects were recruited by advertisements for a physical activity program. Thirty-eight healthy women, 13 normal-weight (34%), 13 overweight (34%), and 12 obese (32%), enrolled in the study. Three subjects (2 normal-weight and 1 obese) (8%) withdrew.
Analysis of variance, paired t tests, and simple linear regression.
Seventeen women (49%) underreported their EI by 21%. A significant negative correlation was found between social desirability and EI:EE. Undereating, errors in portion sizes estimation and the inconvenience of having to record everything that was eaten seemed to explain underreporting. Mean portion sizes did not differ for underreporters and non-underreporters. Fewer self-reported years of education was correlated with underreporting only among normal-weight women. Training and confrontation with earlier results reduced underreporting rate to 33%, but did not affect macronutrient densities. Applications/conclusions Subjects tended to report their intake in a socially desirable way, by eating or reporting less frequently foods considered unhealthful or fattening, like sweets and fried foods. Inclusion of social desirability score as a covariate in studies that rely on self-reports of food intake may be useful. A motivational training program, developed in such a way that subjects are comfortable reporting intake of foods considered socially undesirable, in combination with confrontation with earlier results of dietary assessment and use of portion size measurement aids, can be used to attenuate underreporting.
本研究旨在量化巴西女性能量摄入报告不足的情况；确定报告不足的决定因素；查明报告不足是否具有选择性；并测试一种激励性多方法培训，结合向受试者提供前一记录期的一些结果，是否能够减少报告不足的情况。
通过7天饮食记录评估能量摄入（EI）。通过心率监测计算能量消耗（EE）。在一个月内未减重的受试者中，EI:EE比值低于1被视为报告不足。报告不足与人体测量、行为和心理参数相关。比较了报告不足者和非报告不足者的食物和营养素消费情况。一个焦点小组调查了报告不足的主要原因。告知受试者早期食物记录的结果不现实，并对他们进行激励性培训。然后，对他们的报告不足情况进行重新评估。
通过一项体育活动计划的广告招募受试者。38名健康女性，13名体重正常（34%），13名超重（34%），12名肥胖（32%），参与了该研究。3名受试者（2名体重正常和1名肥胖）（8%）退出。
方差分析、配对t检验和简单线性回归。
17名女性（49%）报告的EI比实际少21%。社会期望与EI:EE之间存在显著负相关。少吃、份量估计错误以及必须记录所吃的每样东西带来的不便似乎可以解释报告不足的情况。报告不足者和非报告不足者的平均份量没有差异。只有在体重正常的女性中，自我报告的受教育年限较少与报告不足相关。培训以及与早期结果对比将报告不足率降至33%，但不影响宏量营养素密度。应用/结论：受试者倾向于以符合社会期望的方式报告摄入量，即少吃或减少报告被认为不健康或易发胖的食物，如糖果和油炸食品。在依赖食物摄入量自我报告的研究中，将社会期望得分作为协变量可能会有所帮助。一种激励性培训计划，设计方式是让受试者在报告被认为不符合社会期望的食物摄入量时感到自在，结合与饮食评估的早期结果对比以及使用份量测量辅助工具，可用于减轻报告不足的情况。
