Temperature excludes N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria in the tropical oceans.

Whereas the non-heterocystous cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. are the dominant N2-fixing organisms in the tropical oceans, heterocystous species dominate N2 fixation in freshwater lakes and brackish environments such as the Baltic Sea. So far no satisfactory explanation for the absence of heterocystous cyanobacteria in the pelagic of the tropical oceans has been given, even though heterocysts would seem to represent an ideal strategy for protecting nitrogenase from being inactivated by O2, thereby enabling cyanobacteria to fix N2 and to perform photosynthesis simultaneously. Trichodesmium is capable of N2 fixation, apparently without needing to differentiate heterocysts. Here we show that differences in the temperature dependence of O2 flux, respiration and N2 fixation activity explain how Trichodesmium performs better than heterocystous species at higher temperatures. Our results also explain why Trichodesmium is not successful in temperate or cold seas. The absence of heterocystous cyanobacteria in the pelagic zone of temperate and cold seas, however, requires another explanation.