Basu Analabha, Mukherjee Namita, Roy Sangita, Sengupta Sanghamitra, Banerjee Sanat, Chakraborty Madan, Dey Badal, Roy Monami, Roy Bidyut, Bhattacharyya Nitai P, Roychoudhury Susanta, Majumder Partha P
Anthropology & Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta 700 108, India.
Genome Res. 2003 Oct;13(10):2277-90. doi: 10.1101/gr.1413403.
We report a comprehensive statistical analysis of data on 58 DNA markers (mitochondrial [mt], Y-chromosomal, and autosomal) and sequence data of the mtHVS1 from a large number of ethnically diverse populations of India. Our results provide genomic evidence that (1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities.
我们报告了对来自印度大量不同种族群体的58个DNA标记（线粒体[mt]、Y染色体和常染色体）数据以及mtHVS1序列数据的全面统计分析。我们的结果提供了基因组证据，表明：（1）印度女性谱系存在潜在的统一性，这表明女性定居者的初始数量可能较少；（2）部落人口和种姓人口高度分化；（3）南亚语系部落是印度最早的定居者，这支持了一种人类学假设，同时反驳了其他一些假设；（4）一股主要的人类浪潮从东北部进入印度；（5）藏缅语系部落与南亚语系部落有相当多的遗传共性，支持了它们可能在中国南方共享一个共同栖息地的假设，但这两组部落可以根据Y染色体单倍型进行区分；（6）达罗毗荼语系部落可能在印欧语系游牧民族到来之前就广泛分布于印度各地，但为了避免被统治而退至印度南部；（7）由裂变形成的群体产生了奠基者效应和漂变效应，这些效应在当代群体的遗传结构上留下了印记；（8）高种姓群体与中亚群体表现出更密切的遗传亲缘关系，尽管印度南部的高种姓群体比印度北部的高种姓群体与中亚群体的亲缘关系更远；（9）历史上的基因流入印度导致当代群体的遗传历史被大量抹去，以至于目前遗传亲缘关系与地理或社会文化亲缘关系之间没有明显的一致性。
