Maltezou H C, Drancourt M
Second Department of Pediatrics, P. & A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
J Hosp Infect. 2003 Oct;55(2):83-91. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00262-7.
Influenza is the most important cause of acute respiratory illness leading to hospitalization among children during community epidemics. This illness can cause extensive nosocomial outbreaks with serious morbidity and mortality among specific groups of children. Paediatric patients with community-acquired influenza and healthcare workers are the main reservoir for the nosocomial spread of the virus. During epidemics in the community, testing for influenza should be requested in all children with compatible symptoms admitted in the hospital, and measures should be introduced for the prevention or early control of an outbreak. Recent advances in the management of influenza include rapid diagnoses based on antigen detection and the identification of the new neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir. Annual vaccination against influenza of children with high-risk conditions, their family members and healthcare workers is the principle measure for the prevention of nosocomial outbreaks. Although vaccination against influenza appears to be cost-effective at all ages in terms of prevention of illness, related hospitalizations, deaths, reduction of healthcare costs and productivity loss, vaccination coverage among target groups is limited.
流感是社区流行期间导致儿童住院的急性呼吸道疾病的最重要病因。这种疾病可在特定儿童群体中引发广泛的医院内暴发，造成严重的发病和死亡。社区获得性流感的儿科患者和医护人员是该病毒医院内传播的主要源头。在社区流行期间，应对所有因出现相应症状而入院的儿童进行流感检测，并应采取措施预防或尽早控制疫情暴发。流感管理方面的最新进展包括基于抗原检测的快速诊断以及新型神经氨酸酶抑制剂扎那米韦和奥司他韦的识别。对高危儿童及其家庭成员和医护人员进行年度流感疫苗接种是预防医院内疫情暴发的主要措施。尽管就预防疾病、相关住院、死亡、降低医疗成本和生产力损失而言，流感疫苗接种在所有年龄段似乎都具有成本效益，但目标群体中的疫苗接种覆盖率有限。
