Schifano F, Oyefeso A, Corkery J, Cobain K, Jambert-Gray R, Martinotti G, Ghodse A H
National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, Department Addictive Behaviour and Psychological Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003 Oct;18(7):519-24. doi: 10.1002/hup.528.
The present study reports on all deaths related to taking ecstasy (alone, or in a polydrug combination) occurring in England and Wales in the time frame August 1996-April 2002. Data presented here are based on all information recorded in the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (np-SAD) database. The np-SAD regularly receives all information on drug related deaths in addicts and non addicts from coroners. A total of 202 ecstasy-related fatalities occurred in the chosen time-frame, showing a steady increase in the number of deaths each year. The ratio male:female was 4:1 and 3 of 4 victims were younger than 29. In 17% of cases ecstasy was the sole drug implicated in death and in the remaining cases a number of other drugs (mostly alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines and opiates) have been found. According to toxicology results, MDMA accounted for 86% of cases and MDA for 13% of cases; single deaths were associated with MDEA and PMA. This is the largest sample of ecstasy related deaths so far; possible explanations are given for the observed steady increase in ecstasy-related deaths and a tentative 'rationale' for this polypharmacy combination is then proposed.
本研究报告了1996年8月至2002年4月期间在英格兰和威尔士发生的所有与服用摇头丸（单独服用或与多种药物混合服用）相关的死亡事件。此处呈现的数据基于国家药物滥用死亡计划（np-SAD）数据库中记录的所有信息。np-SAD定期从验尸官那里接收所有与吸毒者和非吸毒者药物相关死亡的信息。在选定的时间段内，共发生了202起与摇头丸相关的死亡事件，且每年的死亡人数呈稳步上升趋势。男女比例为4:1，四分之三的受害者年龄小于29岁。在17%的案例中，摇头丸是导致死亡的唯一药物，在其余案例中还发现了一些其他药物（主要是酒精、可卡因、安非他明和鸦片制剂）。根据毒理学结果，3,4－亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（MDMA）占案例的86%，3,4－亚甲基二氧苯丙胺（MDA）占13%；单例死亡与3,4－亚甲基二乙胺苯丙胺（MDEA）和4－甲氧基苯丙胺（PMA）有关。这是迄今为止与摇头丸相关死亡事件的最大样本；针对观察到的与摇头丸相关死亡事件稳步增加的情况给出了可能的解释，并提出了这种多药联用的初步“原理”。
