Lederer Susan E
Yale University, School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Account Res. 2003 Jan-Mar;10(1):1-16. doi: 10.1080/08989620300505.
Experimentation involving children is not a new phenomenon. Children have been used as research subjects in a diverse set of experiments, including the trials of new vaccines and sera, in efforts to understand normal pediatric anatomy and physiology and in the development of new drugs and procedures. Concern about child participants in research is also not a new development. For more than a century, critics of medical research have called attention to the fact that children and other vulnerable populations--pregnant women, prisoners, the mentally ill--have too often served as the unwitting and unwilling subjects of medical experiments. This paper looks at several early cases in which children participated, including the first trial of cowpox vaccine, the first human trial of rabies vaccine, and the first treatment of Listerian wound antisepsis. The history of concern for children, especially institutionalized children, in medical research is considered along with the development of regulations or guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki (1964).
涉及儿童的实验并非新现象。儿童已被用作各种实验的研究对象，包括新型疫苗和血清的试验，以努力了解正常儿童解剖学和生理学，以及新药和新程序的研发。对研究中儿童参与者的关注也不是新出现的情况。一个多世纪以来，医学研究的批评者一直提请人们注意，儿童以及其他弱势群体——孕妇、囚犯、精神病患者——常常成为医学实验不知情和不情愿的对象。本文审视了儿童参与的几个早期案例，包括牛痘疫苗的首次试验、狂犬病疫苗的首次人体试验，以及李斯特菌伤口防腐的首次治疗。同时还探讨了医学研究中对儿童，尤其是收容机构儿童的关注历史，以及包括《赫尔辛基宣言》（1964年）在内的法规或指南的发展情况。
