Xiao Feng-Xia, Yotova Vania, Zietkiewicz Ewa, Lovell Alan, Gehl Dominik, Bourgeois Stéphane, Moreau Claudia, Spanaki Cleanthe, Plaitakis Andreas, Moisan Jean-Paul, Labuda Damian
Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Apr;12(4):301-11. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201097.
Within Europe, classical genetic markers, nuclear autosomal and Y-chromosome DNA polymorphisms display an east-west frequency gradient. This has been taken as evidence for the westward migration of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. In contrast, most studies of mtDNA variation in Europe and the Middle East have not revealed clinal distributions. Here we report an analysis of dys44 haplotypes, consisting of 35 polymorphisms on an 8 kb segment of the dystrophin gene on Xp21, in a sample of 1203 Eurasian chromosomes. Our results do not show a significant genetic structure in Europe, though when Middle Eastern samples are included a very low but significant genetic structure, rooted in Middle Eastern heterogeneity, is observed. This structure was not correlated to either geography or language, indicating that neither of these factors are a barrier to gene flow within Europe and/or the Middle East. Spatial autocorrelation analysis did not show clinal variation from the Middle East to Europe, though an underlying and ancient east-west cline across the Eurasian continent was detected. Clines provide a strong signal of ancient major population migration(s), and we suggest that the observed cline likely resulted from an ancient, bifurcating migration out of Africa that influenced the colonizing of Europe, Asia and the Americas. Our study reveals that, in addition to settlements from the Near East, Europe has been influenced by other major population movements, such as expansion(s) from Asia, as well as by recent gene flow from within Europe and the Middle East.
在欧洲，经典遗传标记、核常染色体和Y染色体DNA多态性呈现出从东到西的频率梯度。这被视为新石器时代农民从中东向西迁移的证据。相比之下，欧洲和中东地区大多数关于线粒体DNA变异的研究并未揭示出渐变分布。在此，我们报告了对dys44单倍型的分析，该单倍型由Xp21上肌营养不良蛋白基因8kb片段上的35个多态性组成，样本包含1203条欧亚染色体。我们的研究结果并未显示出欧洲存在显著的遗传结构，不过当纳入中东样本时，观察到一种源于中东异质性的非常低但显著的遗传结构。这种结构与地理或语言均无关联，表明这两个因素都不是欧洲和/或中东地区基因流动的障碍。空间自相关分析并未显示出从中东到欧洲的渐变变异，不过检测到了一条贯穿欧亚大陆的潜在古老东西向渐变群。渐变群为古代主要人口迁移提供了有力信号，我们认为观察到的渐变群可能源于一次古老的、从非洲分叉出去的迁移，这次迁移影响了欧洲、亚洲和美洲的殖民化。我们的研究表明，除了来自近东的定居点外，欧洲还受到了其他主要人口迁移活动的影响，比如来自亚洲的扩张，以及近期来自欧洲和中东内部的基因流动。
