Masiero André Luis
Doutorando em psicologia pela Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Brasil.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos. 2003 May-Aug;10(2):549-72. doi: 10.1590/s0104-59702003000200004.
Lobotomy and leucotomy were used in Brazilian mental institutions from 1936 to 1956. Also called psycho-surgeries, they were operations that separated the right and left frontal lobes and pre-frontal lobes from the rest of the brains, aiming at modifying behavior or curing mental diseases. The technique, created by the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz in 1935 and developed by Walter Freeman from the United States, arrived in Brazil through the hands of Aloysio Mattos Pimenta, neurologist from Hospital PsiquiátricoJuquely in São Paulo. Soon, many doctors followed suit. These procedures were used on more than a thousand in-patients aiming at not only healing results, but also the technical improvement of the surgical technique, since preliminary experiments with animals were quite rare at the time. In Brazil, the technique was used until 1956, when it was considered as going against the 1947 Nuremberg Code, whose objective was to detain and regulate the medical experiments with human beings made during the Second World War.
1936年至1956年期间，巴西的精神病院采用了脑叶切断术和白质切断术。这两种手术也被称为精神外科手术，其操作是将大脑的左右额叶和前额叶与大脑的其他部分分离，旨在改变行为或治疗精神疾病。该技术由葡萄牙神经学家埃加斯·莫尼斯于1935年创立，并由美国的沃尔特·弗里曼进一步发展，通过圣保罗朱奎利精神病院的神经学家阿洛伊西奥·马托斯·皮门塔传入巴西。很快，许多医生纷纷效仿。这些手术应用于一千多名住院患者，不仅是为了取得治疗效果，也是为了改进手术技术，因为当时对动物进行的初步实验非常罕见。在巴西，这项技术一直使用到1956年，当时人们认为它违反了1947年的《纽伦堡法典》，该法典旨在遏制和规范二战期间进行的人体医学实验。
