Topography of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).

The spatial distributions of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells were examined in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Two populations of cones were identified by immunocytochemical labeling. The hyena retina contains approximately 2.3 million middle- to long-wavelength sensitive (M/L) cones that reach peak densities of about 7,500/mm(2) in the vicinity of the optic nerve head. A sparser population of short-wavelength sensitive (S) cones, totaling about 0.3 million, was also detected. There is a striking disparity in the spatial distributions of the two cone types with S cones achieving peak density in a region located well below the optic nerve head. The differences in the spatial distributions of the two cone types have implications both for visual sensitivity and for color vision. Hyena rods outnumber cones by about 100:1 with rod density falling off modestly along a central-peripheral gradient. Ganglion cells were identified in retinal wholemounts by Nissl staining patterns. Their distribution defines a prominent visual streak with highest spatial packing (approx. 4,200/mm(2)) in an area centralis that is located in the temporal retina. The total number of ganglion cells is estimated at about 260,000. Using standard assumptions the maximum spatial resolution of the spotted hyena is calculated to be about 8.4 cycles/degree, a value similar to estimates obtained for other terrestrial carnivores.