Dopaminergic modulation of nNOS expression in the pituitary gland of male rat.

Nitric oxide is an unconventional transmitter since it is not transported and released by exocytosis. In the pituitary gland, nitric oxide is locally synthesised by gonadotroph and folliculo-stellate cells. Dopamine, the principal central inhibitory signal in prolactin release, may exert its inhibitory effects by stimulation of nitric oxide production. However, the effects of dopaminergic modulation on nitric oxide-producing pituitary cells have not been analysed. Therefore, we examined the effects of intraventricular administration of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (40 microg) on the pituitary expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in male adult rats. In untreated and control animals, nNOS-positive cells were very similar. Two types of nNOS-positive cells appeared in the pars distalis: round or polygonal cells and stellate cells. Although some isolated cells were found, the nNOS-positive cells commonly appeared grouped in clusters close to blood vessels. nNOS immunoreactivity appeared as a uniform staining throughout the cytoplasm, including cell prolongations. The number and size of nNOS-expressing cells in the pituitary gland decreased significantly after treatment with haloperidol (p<0.01). To evaluate the potential direct effect of dopamine on pituitary cells, pituitary monolayer cultures were treated with dopamine during a time-course of 12 h. Our in vitro studies revealed that dopamine increases the percentage of nNOS-positive cells and augments cellular area (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that: (1) treatment of rats in vivo with a dopamine antagonist significantly decreases expression of nNOS in the pituitary and (2) in vitro dopamine exerts a direct effect on pituitary cultures by increasing nNOS-positive cells. Thus, these findings suggest that dopamine may function as a physiological stimulator of nNOS expression in the rat pituitary gland.