Antibody-induced linkages of plasma membrane proteins to intracellular actomyosin-containing filaments in cultured fibroblasts.

The surface distributions of three different membrane integral proteins, beta2-microglobulin (part of the histocompatibility antigen complex), aminopeptidase (alpha-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolase; EC 3.4.11.2), and the Na+,K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) on human fibroblasts grown in monolayer culture have been studied with their specific antibodies by immunofluorescence. On the same cells, the distribution of intracellular actin was observed by a spectrally distinct fluorescent staining procedure. If each of the antibody reagents was permitted to cluster its specific protein in the plane of the membrane, these clusters apparently became linked, through the membrane, to actin- and myosin-containing filaments (stress fibers) underneath the membrane, and were thereby immobilized. From these and other experiments, it appears that most, if not all, integral proteins can, upon clustering, form such transmembrane linkages to actin and myosin. A molecular mechanism for the formation of these linkages is proposed which postulates that actin is associated with the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes by peripheral attachment to a ubiquitous integral protein X in the membrane; when other integral proteins are induced to form clusters, they become bound to X and hence to actin (and myosin). The possible physiological role of these transmembrane linkages is briefly discussed.