Diagnosis and treatment of voiding symptoms.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are associated with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Symptoms are the subjective indicator of a disease or change in condition as perceived by the patient, caregiver, or partner and may lead the individual to seek help from health care professionals. LUTS are usually qualitative and, therefore, cannot usually be used to make a definitive diagnosis. LUTS also can indicate pathologies other than lower urinary tract dysfunction, such as urinary infection. LUTS are divided into 7 groups: storage, voiding (obstructive), postmicturition symptoms and 4 others. Voiding symptoms, which are caused by lower urinary tract obstruction, include slow stream, splitting or spraying, intermittency, hesitancy, straining, and terminal dribble. Postmicturition symptoms, which are experienced immediately after micturition, consist of the feeling of incomplete emptying and postmicturition dribble. Postmicturition dribble describes the involuntary loss of urine immediately after the individual has finished passing urine; in men, usually after leaving the toilet and in women, after rising from the toilet. Hence, postmicturition dribble is elicited by different situations or is considered as having different implications. For example, although postmicturition dribble usually implies incomplete emptying (voiding symptoms) in elderly men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, postmicturition dribble is often considered as urinary incontinence (a storage symptom) in many patients, even with bladder outlet obstruction. In such cases, detailed history taking and further evaluation, such as urinary flowmetry, postvoid residual volume, and comprehensive urodynamic evaluation, should be performed as appropriate. If no urodynamic abnormalities of either the detrusor or the outlet can be detected despite significant LUTS, factors unrelated to the lower urinary tract may be responsible for the voiding symptoms.