Florio Pasquale, Rossi Marco, Sigurdardottir Matthildur, Ciarmela Pasquapina, Luisi Stefano, Viganò Paola, Grasso Daniela, Fiore Giovina, Cobellis Luigi, Di Blasio Anna Maria, Petraglia Felice
Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy.
Steroids. 2003 Nov;68(10-13):801-7. doi: 10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00137-5.
Under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones, endometrial cells aer able to produce a wide variety of growth factors and peptide hormones that area believed to promote: (1) physiological growth and differentiation during the endometrial cycle; (2) decidualization, an essential preparative event for establishment of pregnancy; and (3) pathological growth and differentiation in endometriosis and cancer. Among the local factors produced by the human endometrium, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and activin A have been evaluated in terms of localization and effects. CRF is a neuropeptide expressed by the epithelial and stromal cells of the human endometrium in increasing amounts from the endometrial proliferative to the secretory phase. CRF expression also increases in the pregnant endometrium, from early in the pregnancy until term. CRF-type 1 receptor mRNA is only expressed by stromal cells. Progesterone induces CRF gene expression and release from decidualized cells and CRF decidualizes cultured stromal endometrial cells. Urocortin, a CRF-related peptide, has been identified in endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, and its function is still under investigation. Activin A is a growth factor expressed in increasing amounts throughout endometrial phases by both epithelial and stromal cells. This growth factor is secreted into the uterine cavity with higher levels in the secretory phase. Maternal decidua expresses activin A mRNA in increasing amounts from early pregnancy until term. Human endometrium also expresses activin-A receptors and follistatin, its binding protein. Activin A decidualizes cultured human endometrial stromal cells (an effect reversed by follistatin) and modulates embryonic trophoblast differentiation and adhesion. Activin A is expressed in endometriosis and endometrial adenocarcinoma.
在卵巢甾体激素的影响下，子宫内膜细胞能够产生多种生长因子和肽类激素，据信这些因子和激素可促进：（1）子宫内膜周期中的生理性生长和分化；（2）蜕膜化，这是建立妊娠的关键准备事件；（3）子宫内膜异位症和癌症中的病理性生长和分化。在人子宫内膜产生的局部因子中，促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）和激活素A已在定位和作用方面得到评估。CRF是一种神经肽，在人子宫内膜的上皮细胞和基质细胞中表达，从子宫内膜增殖期到分泌期，其表达量不断增加。在妊娠子宫内膜中，从妊娠早期到足月期间，CRF表达也会增加。CRF-1型受体mRNA仅由基质细胞表达。孕酮诱导CRF基因表达并从蜕膜化细胞中释放，且CRF可使培养的子宫内膜基质细胞蜕膜化。尿皮质素是一种与CRF相关的肽，已在子宫内膜上皮细胞和基质细胞中被鉴定出来，其功能仍在研究中。激活素A是一种生长因子，在上皮细胞和基质细胞的整个子宫内膜各阶段表达量均不断增加。这种生长因子在分泌期以更高水平分泌到子宫腔内。母体蜕膜从妊娠早期到足月期间，激活素A mRNA的表达量不断增加。人子宫内膜也表达激活素A受体及其结合蛋白卵泡抑素。激活素A可使培养的人子宫内膜基质细胞蜕膜化（卵泡抑素可逆转此效应），并调节胚胎滋养层细胞的分化和黏附。激活素A在子宫内膜异位症和子宫内膜腺癌中表达。
