Scarpa Angela
Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0436, USA. Email:
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2003 Jul;4(3):210-27. doi: 10.1177/1524838003004003002.
The United States is one of the most violent countries in the world, and this is being reflected in rates of young adults' lifetime exposure ranging from 76% to 82% for victimization and 93% to 96% for witnessing. These high rates are found despite these studies being conducted on relatively low-risk samples from rural areas, and the majority of violent acts reported being less life threatening than those reported by high-risk urban adolescents. Nonetheless, young adults with high levels of exposure report more psychological maladjustment including depressed mood, aggressive behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology, and interpersonal problems. The cycle from exposure to later perpetration of aggression is discussed in terms of psychophysiological processes that may emerge from chronic violence exposure or interact with victimization to increase risk. Last, theoretical, clinical, and policy implications are suggested that include intervention and prevention programs targeting all forms of violence in urban and rural areas.
美国是世界上暴力事件最为频发的国家之一，这体现在年轻人一生中遭受暴力侵害的比例在76%至82%之间，目睹暴力事件的比例在93%至96%之间。尽管这些研究是针对农村地区相对低风险的样本进行的，而且报告的大多数暴力行为比起高风险城市青少年所报告的暴力行为对生命的威胁性要小，但仍出现了如此高的比例。尽管如此，遭受大量暴力事件的年轻人表现出更多的心理失调问题，包括情绪低落、攻击性行为、创伤后应激障碍症状以及人际关系问题。文章从可能因长期暴露于暴力环境而产生或与受侵害经历相互作用从而增加风险的心理生理过程方面，探讨了从接触暴力到后来实施攻击行为的循环。最后，文章提出了理论、临床和政策方面的建议，包括针对城乡地区所有形式暴力行为的干预和预防项目。
