Marsalek P M, Watt W E, Marsalek J, Anderson B C
Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada.
Water Sci Technol. 2003;48(9):133-43.
The winter operation of an on-stream stormwater management pond in Kingston, Canada is characterised. The pond froze over in late November. Ice thickness varied from 0.2 to 0.5 m, and initially, was well described by Stefan's formula. The measured and modelled velocity field indicated a fast flow region, a small dead zone and a large recirculating zone. During a snowmelt event, near-bottom velocities reached 0.05 m x s(-1), but were not sufficient to scour the bottom sediment. Pond water temperature increased with depth, from 0.5 degrees C to 3.5 degrees C. The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels observed in the pond (6-13 mg x L(-1)) indicated stable aerobic conditions at the sediment-water interface. In one brief episode, DO fell to zero after a long cold spell. Reduction in DO readings from inlet to outlet indicated an oxygen consumption of about 1.7 kg x day(-1). pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.9. Conductivity readings indicated large quantities of total dissolved solids, representing mostly chloride from de-icing agents. During baseflow, conductivity increased with depth (total dissolved solids concentrations up to 1,200 mg x L(-1) near the bottom), indicating density stratification. Average trace metal concentrations were mostly below detection limits.
加拿大金斯顿一个运行中的雨水管理池塘的冬季运行情况得到了描述。该池塘于11月下旬结冰。冰层厚度在0.2至0.5米之间，最初，斯特凡公式能很好地描述其情况。实测和模拟的速度场显示有一个快速流动区域、一个小死区和一个大循环区域。在融雪事件期间，近底部速度达到0.05米/秒，但不足以冲刷底部沉积物。池塘水温随深度增加，从0.5摄氏度升至3.5摄氏度。池塘中观测到的溶解氧（DO）水平（6 - 13毫克/升）表明沉积物 - 水界面处有氧条件稳定。在一次短暂事件中，经过长时间寒冷期后溶解氧降至零。从进水口到出水口溶解氧读数的降低表明氧气消耗量约为1.7千克/天。pH值范围为7.1至8.9。电导率读数表明存在大量总溶解固体，主要代表来自除冰剂的氯化物。在基流期间，电导率随深度增加（底部附近总溶解固体浓度高达1200毫克/升），表明存在密度分层。平均痕量金属浓度大多低于检测限。
