Kellam Paul, Holzerlandt Ria, Gramoustianou Eva, Jenner Richard, Kwan Antonia
Virus Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T4JF, UK.
Novartis Found Symp. 2003;254:234-47; discussion 247-52.
Wherever cellular life occurs, viruses are also found. As a result, complex organism and cellular antiviral responses co-evolve with virally encoded countermeasures. Since viruses co-opt or interfere with specific cellular pathways during their replication, knowledge of viral genome sequences has helped fundamental understanding of host biology. During viral infection, shifts in the balance between host and viral biological processes result in acute or chronic viral disease pathology accompanied with either active viral replication, viral containment/persistence or viral clearance. Studying host-virus interactions at the level of single gene effects, however, fails to produce a global systems-level understanding. This should now be achievable in the context of complete host and pathogen genome sequences. New experimental methods and computational approaches are rapidly developing, allowing global views of dynamic viral and cellular molecular mechanisms. Systems level virology using DNA microarrays and specific viral data resources will reveal the detailed cellular context in which viruses replicate, highlighting common and distinct antiviral mechanisms, the effect of different host cell gene expression programs, and the response of cells to similar or diverse virus types. Ultimately, microbiology and immunology will tend towards a systems-level view of how host and pathogen interact.
只要有细胞生命存在的地方，就会发现病毒。因此，复杂生物体和细胞抗病毒反应与病毒编码的应对措施共同进化。由于病毒在复制过程中会选择或干扰特定的细胞途径，病毒基因组序列的知识有助于从根本上理解宿主生物学。在病毒感染期间，宿主和病毒生物学过程之间平衡的变化会导致急性或慢性病毒疾病病理，伴有活跃的病毒复制、病毒控制/持续存在或病毒清除。然而，在单基因效应水平上研究宿主-病毒相互作用无法产生对系统层面的全面理解。在完整的宿主和病原体基因组序列背景下，现在应该可以实现这一点。新的实验方法和计算方法正在迅速发展，使人们能够全面了解动态的病毒和细胞分子机制。使用DNA微阵列和特定病毒数据资源的系统水平病毒学将揭示病毒复制的详细细胞环境，突出常见和独特的抗病毒机制、不同宿主细胞基因表达程序的影响以及细胞对相似或不同病毒类型的反应。最终，微生物学和免疫学将趋向于从系统层面看待宿主与病原体的相互作用。
