Smith David J
Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2N4.
Sports Med. 2003;33(15):1103-26. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003.
The development of performance in competition is achieved through a training process that is designed to induce automation of motor skills and enhance structural and metabolic functions. Training also promotes self-confidence and a tolerance for higher training levels and competition. In general, there are two broad categories of athletes that perform at the highest level: (i) the genetically talented (the thoroughbred); and (ii) those with a highly developed work ethic (the workhorse) with a system of training guiding their effort. The dynamics of training involve the manipulation of the training load through the variables: intensity, duration and frequency. In addition, sport activities are a combination of strength, speed and endurance executed in a coordinated and efficient manner with the development of sport-specific characteristics. Short- and long-term planning (periodisation) requires alternating periods of training load with recovery for avoiding excessive fatigue that may lead to overtraining. Overtraining is long-lasting performance incompetence due to an imbalance of training load, competition, non-training stressors and recovery. Furthermore, annual plans are normally constructed in macro-, meso- and microcycles around the competitive phases with the objective of improving performance for a peak at a predetermined time. Finally, at competition time, optimal performance requires a healthy body, and integration of not only the physiological elements but also the psychological, technical and tactical components.
竞技表现的提升是通过一个旨在促使运动技能自动化并增强结构和代谢功能的训练过程来实现的。训练还能增强自信心，并提高对更高训练水平和比赛的耐受性。一般来说，有两类运动员能达到最高水平：（i）具有遗传天赋的（纯种马型）；（ii）那些具有高度发达职业道德的（吃苦耐劳型），并有一套训练体系来指导他们的努力。训练的动态过程涉及通过强度、持续时间和频率这些变量来控制训练负荷。此外，体育活动是力量、速度和耐力的结合，要以协调高效的方式进行，并培养特定运动项目的特点。短期和长期规划（周期化）需要在训练负荷期和恢复期交替进行，以避免可能导致过度训练的过度疲劳。过度训练是由于训练负荷、比赛、非训练压力源和恢复之间的不平衡导致的长期表现不佳。此外，年度计划通常围绕竞技阶段构建为大周期、中周期和小周期，目标是在预定时间达到成绩峰值以提高表现。最后，在比赛时，最佳表现需要一个健康的身体，不仅要整合生理因素，还要整合心理、技术和战术成分。
