Hypopigmentary skin disorders: current treatment options and future directions.

Alterations of skin and hair pigmentation are important features that have warranted treatment from ancient history on up to modern time. In some cultures, even today patients with vitiligo are regarded as social outcasts and are affected considerably both emotionally and physically. This article presents current options and future directions for the treatment of hypopigmentary disorders. Whereas with congenital disorders, such as albinism and phenylketonuria, no causal therapy has been established up to now, several treatment options for acquired hypopigmentary disorders have been investigated. In particular, in vitiligo, one of the most prevalent hypopigmentary disorders, a number of treatment modalities have been employed in the past 30 years. However, most of them are only able to palliate, not cure, the disease. Depending on the distribution of the hypopigmented lesions (localised or generalised) and the state of the disease (active or stable), several therapeutic options, for example phototherapy, surgical skin grafts, autologous melanocyte transplantation and immunomodulators, can be applied alone or in combination. For phototherapy, because of unfavourable results and adverse effects, ultraviolet (UV) A has been largely replaced by narrow-band UVB for repigmentation of generalised vitiligo. Although immunomodulators, such as corticosteroids, have been used both topically and systemically over the past 3 decades for the treatment of disseminated vitiligo, they are only suitable for the treatment of acrofacial and localised forms because of adverse effects. Hence, new immunomodulatory agents, such as calcineurin antagonists, have recently been introduced as new promising tools to treat acquired hypopigmentary disorders. However, all therapeutic approaches are hampered by the fact that the pathophysiology of hypopigmentary disorders is still poorly understood.