Ethical aspects of medical certification by general practitioners.

As well as acting as personal physicians, general practitioners are often asked to provide medical certificates, enabling patients to obtain benefits. In these cases doctors may act for the state, for other institutions or individuals, or as an advocate on the patient's behalf in a dispute. The ethical basis of this activity differs from the therapeutic doctor-patient relationship. Difficulties are particularly likely to arise when doctors are called on to combine the roles of therapist and certifier. Although this is often convenient and saves money, the damage to confidentiality and to the primary therapeutic relationship which may result must be weighted against this. The limitations of such certificates should also be borne in mind. Fairness and the preservation of the therapeutic doctor-patient relationship are best served by restricting the role of the personal doctor to the provision of clearly defined factual information on which others, who may be medical or non-medical, can make the final judgement.