Wood G E
Division of Contaminants Chemistry, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204.
J Anim Sci. 1992 Dec;70(12):3941-9. doi: 10.2527/1992.70123941x.
Mycotoxins are considered unavoidable contaminants in foods and feeds because agronomic technology has not yet advanced to the stage at which preharvest infection of susceptible crops by fungi can be eliminated. The aflatoxins have received greater attention than any of the other mycotoxins because of their demonstrated carcinogenic effects in susceptible animals and their acute toxic effects in humans. Since 1965, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has enforced regulatory limits on the concentrations of these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. The FDA routinely monitors the food and feed industries through compliance programs to ensure that the levels of exposure to these toxins are kept as low as practical. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal years 1989, 1990, and the first half of 1991. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, tree nuts, corn and corn products, cottonseed, and milk. Higher than usual levels of contamination were found in corn examined from all areas of the United States in 1989 as a result of the severe drought that affected the 1988 corn crop. The drought in parts of the South and Southeast in 1990 resulted in increased contamination in corn and peanuts from those areas. A review of the surveillance data obtained on deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, and patulin over the years along with available toxicological data for these mycotoxins indicated that no regulatory actions were warranted. The lack of sufficient surveillance data on other mycotoxins that occur in the United States can be attributed in part to the unavailability of reliable analytical methodology.
霉菌毒素被认为是食品和饲料中不可避免的污染物，因为农艺技术尚未发展到能够消除易感作物在收获前被真菌感染的阶段。黄曲霉毒素比其他任何霉菌毒素受到了更多关注，因为它们在易感动物中显示出致癌作用，并且对人类具有急性毒性作用。自1965年以来，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）对州际贸易涉及的食品和饲料中这些毒素的浓度实施了监管限制。FDA通过合规计划定期监测食品和饲料行业，以确保将接触这些毒素的水平保持在切实可行的最低限度。本报告总结了1989财年、1990财年以及1991年上半年黄曲霉毒素合规计划产生的数据。抽样商品包括花生及花生制品、坚果、玉米及玉米制品、棉籽和牛奶。由于1988年玉米作物受严重干旱影响，1989年在美国所有地区检测的玉米中发现了高于平常水平的污染。1990年美国南部和东南部部分地区的干旱导致这些地区的玉米和花生污染增加。对多年来获得的关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、杂色曲霉素、青霉酸和展青霉素的监测数据以及这些霉菌毒素的现有毒理学数据进行审查后表明，无需采取监管行动。在美国出现的其他霉菌毒素缺乏足够监测数据，部分原因可归结为缺乏可靠的分析方法。
