Jaward Foday M, Farrar Nick J, Harner Tom, Sweetman Andrew J, Jones Kevin C
Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Jan 1;38(1):34-41. doi: 10.1021/es034705n.
This study presents concurrently sampled ambient air data for a range of persistent organic pollutants at the continental scale. This was achieved using a passive air sampling system, deploying polyurethane foam disks, which was prepared in one laboratory, sealed to prevent contamination, sent out by courier to volunteers participating in different countries, exposed for 6 weeks, collected, resealed, and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Europe was the study area--a region with a history of extensive POPs usage and emission and with marked national differences in population density, the degree of urbanization and industrial/agricultural development. Samplers were deployed at remote/rural/urban locations in 22 countries and analyzed for PCBs, a range of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, alpha-HCH, gamma-HCH, ppDDT, ppDDE), and PBDEs. Calculated air concentrations were in line with those obtained by conventional active air sampling techniques. The geographical pattern of all compounds reflected suspected regional emission patterns and highlighted localized hotspots. PCB and PBDE levels varied by over 2 orders of magnitude; the highest values were detected in areas of high usage and were linked to urbanized areas. HCB was relatively uniformly distributed, reflecting its persistence and high degree of mixing in air. Higher gamma-HCH, ppDDT, and ppDDE levels generally occurred in South and East Europe.
本研究展示了在大陆尺度上对一系列持久性有机污染物同时进行采样的环境空气数据。这是通过一个被动空气采样系统实现的，该系统使用在一个实验室制备的聚氨酯泡沫盘，密封以防止污染，由快递发送给参与不同国家的志愿者，暴露6周，收集后重新密封，然后送回实验室进行分析。研究区域为欧洲——一个有着广泛使用和排放持久性有机污染物历史的地区，在人口密度、城市化程度以及工业/农业发展方面存在显著的国家差异。采样器部署在22个国家的偏远/农村/城市地点，并对多氯联苯、一系列有机氯农药（六氯苯、α-六氯环己烷、γ-六氯环己烷、对，对'-滴滴涕、对，对'-滴滴伊）和多溴二苯醚进行分析。计算得出的空气浓度与通过传统主动空气采样技术获得的浓度一致。所有化合物的地理分布模式反映了疑似的区域排放模式，并突出了局部热点地区。多氯联苯和多溴二苯醚的水平变化超过2个数量级；在使用量大的地区检测到最高值，并且与城市化地区有关联。六氯苯分布相对均匀，反映了其在空气中的持久性和高度混合性。较高的γ-六氯环己烷、对，对'-滴滴涕和对，对'-滴滴伊水平通常出现在南欧和东欧地区。
