Bzdusek Philip A, Christensen Erik R, Li An, Zou Qimeng
Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Jan 1;38(1):97-103. doi: 10.1021/es034842k.
A factor analysis model with nonnegative constraints (FA) was used to apportion the sources of PAHs found in sediments of Lake Calumet and surrounding wetlands in southeast Chicago. Source profiles and contributions, with uncertainties, are determined with no prior knowledge of sources. The model includes scaling and backscaling of data with average PAH concentrations without sample normalization. This work is a follow-up to a study that used a chemical mass balance (CMB8.2) model to apportion sources to the same data set. Literature source profiles, modified based on gas/particle partitioning of individual PAHs, from eight PAH sources were considered for comparison. FA results for a two-source solution indicate coke oven (45%) and traffic (55%) are the primary PAH sources to Lake Calumet sediments. A six-source FA solution indicates that coke oven (47%) and traffic (45%) related sources are major PAH sources and wood burning-coal residential (2.3%) is a minor PAH source. From the six-source solution, two coke oven profiles are observed, a standard coke oven profile (33%), and a degraded or second coke oven profile (14%) low in phenanthrene and pyrene. Observed traffic related sources include gasoline engine (36%) exhaust and traffic tunnel air (9.3%). This work supports the previous study of Lake Calumet PAHs by CMB model. In addition, FA provides new insights since wood burning and secondary coke oven profiles were not recognized in the CMB model.
采用具有非负约束的因子分析模型（FA）来确定芝加哥东南部卡柳梅特湖及其周边湿地沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的来源。在事先对来源一无所知的情况下，确定了来源特征和贡献及其不确定性。该模型包括对数据进行缩放和反向缩放，使用平均PAH浓度而不对样本进行归一化处理。这项工作是此前一项研究的后续研究，此前的研究使用化学质量平衡（CMB8.2）模型对同一数据集的来源进行分配。考虑了来自八个PAH来源的文献来源特征，并根据单个PAH的气/粒分配进行了修改，以作比较。两源解决方案的FA结果表明，焦炉（45%）和交通（55%）是卡柳梅特湖沉积物中PAH的主要来源。六源FA解决方案表明，与焦炉（47%）和交通（45%）相关的来源是PAH的主要来源，而居民用木柴燃烧 - 煤炭（2.3%）是PAH的次要来源。从六源解决方案中观察到两种焦炉特征，一种是标准焦炉特征（33%），另一种是菲和芘含量较低的降解或二级焦炉特征（14%）。观察到的与交通相关的来源包括汽油发动机尾气（36%）和交通隧道空气（9.3%）。这项工作支持了此前CMB模型对卡柳梅特湖PAHs的研究。此外，因子分析提供了新的见解，因为在CMB模型中未识别出木柴燃烧和二级焦炉特征。
