Baker Timothy B, Brandon Thomas H, Chassin Laurie
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, and Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2004;55:463-91. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142054.
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity and a particularly common and intractable addictive disorder. Research shows that nicotine is a sine qua non of tobacco addiction and that it produces the hallmark effects of addictive drugs: sensitization, tolerance, physical dependence, and euphoria/elation. Research on the development of smoking reveals that although smoking prevalence has declined from a peak in the mid-1990s, close to 30% of twelfth graders still smoke. Smoking in adolescents is related to development of physical dependence, ethnicity, impulsivity, affective disorder, and peer influences. However, which of these exerts the greatest causal effects is unknown, and their influence no doubt varies across individuals and across development. Once dependence on tobacco smoking is established, evidence suggests that tobacco motivation is strongly influenced by a reduction in withdrawal symptoms, an expectation of stress reduction, and conditioned reinforcement. Nicotine motivation may also be influenced by modulation in stimulus incentive value.
吸烟是导致死亡和发病的主要原因，也是一种极为常见且难以戒除的成瘾性疾病。研究表明，尼古丁是烟草成瘾的必要条件，它会产生成瘾性药物的标志性效应：致敏、耐受、身体依赖以及欣快感/愉悦感。对吸烟行为发展的研究表明，尽管吸烟率自20世纪90年代中期达到峰值后有所下降，但仍有近30%的十二年级学生吸烟。青少年吸烟与身体依赖的发展、种族、冲动性、情感障碍以及同伴影响有关。然而，这些因素中哪一个产生的因果效应最大尚不清楚，而且它们的影响无疑因个体和发展阶段而异。一旦对吸烟产生依赖，有证据表明，烟草动机受到戒断症状减轻、减轻压力的预期以及条件强化的强烈影响。尼古丁动机也可能受到刺激激励价值调节的影响。
